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When I get asked why I only use VHF/UHF frequencies for my Summits On The Air (SOTA) activations, I usually reply with:

Height Above Average Terrain

More specifically, I mean that using VHF for SOTA is fun because Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT) has a dramatic effect on the propagation of my radio signal.

HAAT has a specific definition, found in the FCC regulations. HAAT basically describes the height of a transmitter relative to the surrounding terrain in all directions at distances of 3 to 16 km. This HAAT calculator tool provides the HAAT of a site based on its latitude and longitude. Note that the FCC definition of HAAT compares against the terrain relatively close to the transmitter, 16 km (10 miles). For SOTA purposes, we are more concerned with distances further away.

In a recent presentation on mountaintop VHF operating (Hamcon Colorado), I provided these two contrasting examples to drive home the importance of HAAT.

Punkin Center

Punkin Center is a small town located on the eastern plains of Colorado. The elevation is 5364 feet, and its HAAT is roughly zero feet. That is, the terrain is flat. Punkin Center is a fine place to be, but it is not a very good VHF location. The radio range using a 5-watt VHF handheld radio is about 4 miles.

Pikes Peak

Compare this to America’s Mountain, Pikes Peak, which has an elevation of 14,115 feet and a HAAT of 4,445 feet. That is, it rises more than 4,000 feet above the surrounding terrain. (The height advantage is even more pronounced when looking further east towards Kansas, where the highest elevation is ~4,000 feet.) Based on my experience operating from there, the VHF handheld range is over 100 miles.

The improved HAAT of Pikes Peak provides a VHF radio range that is 25 times better than Punkin Center. Again, nothing wrong with Punkin Center, but if I want to make VHF contacts, I’ll choose Pikes Peak.

Let’s compare this to using the High Frequency (HF) bands. The normal propagation mode on HF is skywave propagation via the F layer, which supports radio propagation across North America and around the world (depending on frequency, time of day, solar conditions, blah blah blah). The radio signal refracts off the ionosphere and can go very long distances. From Pikes Peak, I can work the world. From Punkin Center, I can work the world. Not much difference, except the views from Pikes are generally better, and the oxygen is less plentiful.

So when I hike up a mountain, I am excited to get out the VHF gear and see what contacts I can make due to the improved HAAT. I don’t get as excited about working HF, because I can do that from home…or Punkin Center, or other places, with similar results.

Other SOTA activators see it differently, and that is just fine. (VHF contacts represent only ~20% of all SOTA contacts.) There are many ways to enjoy SOTA and ham radio. Just make sure you have fun messing around with radios.

73 Bob K0NR

The post Height Above Average Terrain appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

A few days ago, someone told me that a rumor is circulating that I don’t own any gear capable of operating on the high-frequency (HF) bands. I laughed out loud, wondering where this came from.

Actually, I know where this comes from: most of my postings here at k0nr.com are oriented towards VHF operating, often from the top of a summit. I fully admit that VHF/UHF has always been my favorite part of the amateur radio spectrum.

And I do operate on the HF bands.

Home Station

The photo above shows my ham shack set up at home. The primary transceiver is an ICOM IC-7610, which covers the HF bands and 6 meters. To the left is an ICOM IC-9700 that I use for 2m, 70cm, and 23cm. An ACOM 1000 linear amplifier sits at the far left. It is usually configured for 6m, just waiting for the band to open.

Here is a closer look at the two transceivers. Hey, look at that, the IC-7610 is listening to 20m CW. Yes, I even operate CW.

My antenna farm includes two towers but they are used for VHF/UHF antennas. For the HF bands, I use wire antennas. This article describes the end-fed wire antenna I have been using for the past 5 years. It covers 40m through 6m with one antenna.

Operating Results

I run hot and cold on chasing DX, but over time, I have made many DX contacts and worked quite a few countries. I favor the DX potential of the higher bands: 20m, 17m, 15m, 12m, and 10m. Recently, I discovered that the 30m band can be a lot of fun, too. My current stats are: 205 DXCC Entities and 39 (out of 40) CQ Zones. Still looking to work Zone 34, Northeastern Africa. I’ve also been working on Worked All States (WAS) for each band, having completed 40m, 30m, 20m, 17m, and 6m.

Going Portable with HF

Joyce/K0JJW and I often operate portable on the HF bands, almost always a Parks On The Air (POTA) activation. Our favorite radio for POTA is a Yaesu FT-991, which covers the HF bands along with VHF/UHF. Almost all of the POTA work is on HF but sometimes we do make a few VHF contacts.

We also have an ICOM IC-705, also covering all bands, and is especially useful for backpack portability. We favor VHF/UHF for SOTA but sometimes we will use the IC-705 to make some HF SOTA contacts.  We have a variety of wire antennas, all different types of end-fed designs. The IC-705 does not have a built-in antenna tuner, so we take along a small manual tuner.

Wrap Up

So there you have it, I do have some HF gear and I do use it!

Remember, the universal purpose of amateur radio is to have fun messing around with radios. Using whatever amateur band you choose.

73 Bob K0NR

The post Confirming K0NR Does Have HF Equipment appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

Here are three affordable accessories that can help round out your VHF/UHF handheld transceiver (HT) kit. These items can significantly improve the performance of your radio and make it more useful.

1. A Halfwave Antenna for 2m

I’ve already written about the RH660 antenna, which is a huge improvement over a typical rubber duck antenna. Make sure you get the version with the proper connector for your HT.

A New 2m/70cm Telescoping Antenna

2. A Compact Magmount Antenna

Another handy antenna is a small magnetic-mount antenna for the 2m and 70cm bands. The primary usage of this antenna is on the roof of a vehicle, connected to your HT inside your vehicle. This puts the antenna on the roof, outside of the vehicle, working in concert with the effective ground plane of the metal roof. Note that for the magnet to hold, the roof needs to be made of a ferrous metal, not aluminum, fiberglass, fabric, etc.

This antenna can also function as a portable/temporary antenna by placing it on a steel object such as the top of a refrigerator, a cookie sheet, metal door frame, filing cabinet, metal folding chair, etc. The antenna is about 19 inches in length, so it packs well for travel. There are many models available, including this one on Amazon.

3. A Few RF Adapters

It seems that we often encounter incompatible RF connectors, so it is good to have a few adapters available to make the connection.

SMA Male/Female Adapters
These days, handheld transceivers have SMA antenna connectors, but some models provide a male connector, while other radios have a female connector. Having a few SMA adapters can deal with this issue.

SMA to BNC Adapters
BNC connectors often show on on various radios and cables, so it can be handy to adapt this popular connector to an SMA.

SMA to PL-259 Adapters
The PL-259 and its companion SO-239 are the most popular RF connectors for ham radio use, so you may encounter one of these. (I try not to call them UHF connectors: see About That UHF Connector.) They are not used on HTs, but you may find an antenna cable with one of these attached. Again, an adapter or two can help you make the connection to an SMA connector.

These are some handy devices to have along with your HT.
Any other suggestions?

73 Bob K0NR

P.S. If you are having trouble identifying the connector on your HT, take a look at this article: What’s That Connector On My HT?

The post Three Useful HT Accessories appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

I came across this new antenna, the TWAYRDIO RH 660S, mentioned in this Ham Radio Crash Course video. I have previously been recommending the TWAYRDIO TH770 antenna via this post. The RH 660S is a newer dual-band 2m/70cm telescoping antenna from the same company.

For Summits On The Air (SOTA), I generally take along such an antenna. The performance of any half-wave antenna on a handheld radio is always much better than the standard rubber duck. Although a 3-element Yagi antenna provides even better performance, it has to be pointed in the right direction. Sometimes, we will set up the RH 660 or TH 770 on a small vertical pole (actually a camera monopod with a homebrew BNC attachment). This allows us to monitor and work the band with an omnidirectional antenna without having to hold or point the Yagi. Much more convenient while sitting there eating lunch.

A key advantage to an omnidirectional antenna is that it is always pointed in the right direction.

The RH660 is available with the three standard connectors: BNC, SMA Male and SMA female. Make sure you pick the right one that matches your radio.

On our most recent SOTA activation, I did a quick comparison between the old TH 770 and the new RH 660 on 2 meters. The RH 660 seemed to perform ever so slightly better, but that was probably within the measurement error of the test. It certainly was not worse than the TH 770. I only did the comparison test on 2 meters, as that is the GO TO band for VHF SOTA. However, the antenna seemed to work OK on 70cm as well.

The packaging on the antenna indicates 3.0 dBi gain on 144 MHz and 5.0 dBi gain on 430 MHz. Do I believe those numbers? Not really, but they are probably close. (An ideal halfwave radiator has a gain of 2.2 dBi.) Note that the newer antenna does not have the magic tuning lump in the middle of the radiating element, which simplifies the mechanical design. This is the main advantage of the new antenna: no lump in the middle, resulting in a slimmer and sturdier design.

Summary

I am pleased with this new design, and I now recommend it as a good compact antenna for portable use. As with all telescoping 2m half-wave antennas, it is long and should be handled with care. Otherwise, you can poke someone’s eye out, break it in two, or snap the connector off your HT.

The RH660 antenna is available at Amazon for ~$17. At this price, why wouldn’t you have one in your backpack or Go Bag?

73 Bob K0NR

The post A New 2m/70cm Telescoping Antenna appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

You’ve probably seen the messages about the ARRL push for relief from antenna restrictions by Home Owners Associations (HOAs). If not, take a look here. It is clear that excessively tight HOA restrictions are a significant barrier to getting started in ham radio.

ARRL has launched a nationwide grassroots campaign aimed at securing the passage of federal legislation that would grant Amateur Radio Operators the same rights to install antennas on their property as those enjoyed by users of TV antennas, wireless internet, and flagpoles.

The campaign, announced in an ARRL Member Bulletin on September 17, 2025, follows the reintroduction of the Amateur Radio Emergency Preparedness Act in February 2025 (see ARRL News 02/07/2025). The bipartisan bills — H.R.1094 in the House and S.459 in the Senate — are designed to prevent restrictive homeowners’ association (HOA) rules that currently prohibit or severely limit the installation of amateur radio antennas, even when such antennas are hidden in trees, placed in attics, mounted on vehicles, or look like flagpoles.

While the ARRL is pushing for this bill, I have not seen much written about what is actually IN the bill. You can read the entire text here: HR 1094 – Amateur Radio Emergency Preparedness Act.

But here’s my summary. The bill requires that specific amateur radio antennas not require approval from HOAs or similar organizations:

• Antennas that are 1 meter or less in diameter
• Flagpole antennas, not to exceed 43 feet in height
• Wire antennas – minimally obtrusive wire antennas
• Vertical antennas – not to exceed 43 feet in height

Note that this does not mean you will have the right to put up a 60-foot tower with multiple large antennas on it. Some folks are probably disappointed in the limited nature of this bill. My view is that it is a reasonable accommodation to basic ham radio operation, very reasonable for urban and suburban environments. If you want to build the ultimate contest station, you’ll need to buy some rural property. This ARRL page provides some background on why this bill makes sense.

I am somewhat surprised by the 43-foot height limit for vertical antennas. This is apparently a carryover from previous ARRL legislative attempts. I would settle for something shorter than this…but what the heck. For reference, a quarter-wave vertical for the 40m band is about 33 feet high.

I think the ARRL has lined up the legislation, the lobbyists, and some Congresspeople to push this through. Can we get this passed? I don’t know, but I suggest we all get behind this by making our voices heard in Congress. The ARRL has made this VERY EASY to do. Just go here: https://send-a-letter.org/hoa/

That’s my view. What do you think?

73 Bob K0NR

The post ARRL – Pass The Bill appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

Joyce/K0JJW and I did a SOTA activation with Mike/KE0PWR on Aspen Ridge (W0C/SP-084). It turns out that Mike’s wife, Laurel, has a YouTube channel, so she shot some video of our adventure. Keep in mind that her channel is not focused on ham radio, but has a more general audience.

Some time later, Mike did a SOTA activation on his own with Laurel capturing the story via video. This was on Wander Ridge (W0C/SP-042), one of my favorite summits near the Continental Divide Trail. Yes, it was windy on top. I made a cameo appearance via 2m FM. Short Buena Viking plug at the end (one of my favorite local restaurants).

And finally, here is another activation with Mike on South Peak (W0C/SR-111), near Weston Pass. In this episode, Mike demonstrates how the signal disappears if you lay the Yagi antenna on the rocks. I make another guest appearance via 2m FM.

Laurel plugs the PBJ Bobo’s, which are now my favorite hiking snack. (I am not addicted to these things. I can stop eating them anytime I want.)

Great job, Mike and Laurel!

73 Bob K0NR

The post Laurel Makes SOTA Videos appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

On August 18, I activated Mount Peck (W0C/ SP-053) with Steve/K5SJC, which put me over the top of 2000 activation points for SOTA. This is commonly known as 2x Mountain Goat or Double Mountain Goat. (Joyce/K0JJW was out of town, leaving me unsupervised for a few weeks.)

Steve, thanks for doing Mt Peck with me, it was fun! Joyce and I had great fun activating it back in 2017, and it was good to return to it. The summit is near the Continental Divide Trail, accessed from Monarch Pass, so it is an excellent hike on top of the world. The coolest thing about this summit is the nice rock that served as a gear table (see Steve’s photo above.) No bending down to pick up my backpack or equipment.

I tend to see the Mountain Goat Award (1000 points) as the primary SOTA award, establishing the SOTA activator as serious about the program. Anything beyond that is just more points. But still, 2000 points is a milestone worth recognizing, and it caused me to examine my SOTA log in retrospect.

Here are my stats for SOTA activations:Thanks to all of the chasers who made these activations possible. Here are my top chasers:

Here are some fun facts I have from reviewing my log. Currently, I have 2005 activation points. If you ask the SOTAdatabase for my 2m log, it also shows 2005 activation points. This is not quite right in my view, because it counts all activations with points that have at least one 2m contact included. That is, not all activations had four 2m or VHF contacts. In reality, I have 9 activations (corresponding to 41 points) that used HF to get the required four QSOs (for points). This means I need 36 more 2m-only points to get a pure 2x VHF Mountain Goat, untainted by HF QSOs.

People wonder how often Joyce/K0JJW and I get skunked on a summit using only VHF. Out of 346 activations, I’ve had 20 times falling short of getting the minimum four QSOs (5.7% of the total). I basically never fail to activate a summit because Joyce is usually along, and we work each other (outside the activation zone) to qualify for the activation, but not the points. Sometimes we anticipate that a VHF-only strategy is going to be a problem, so we take along HF gear to make up the difference. This usually happens in a rural area with low population density or in some other remote location such as American Samoa (KH8). Sometimes, we’ve made an extra effort to arrange for capable VHF stations to chase us. Good examples of this are Mount Ojibway and Capulin Mountain. Finally, sometimes we just accept the likelihood that we will come up short on VHF, but do the VHF-only activation anyway.

I’ve written a lot about how to optimize your VHF SOTA activations on my blog. In particular, see The Truth About VHF SOTA. SOTA is a fantastic and versatile program that can be adapted to your particular interests. Keep having fun with your kind of SOTA, whatever that is!

Special thanks to my spouse, hiking partner, SOTA enthusiast, and favorite radio amateur, Joyce/K0JJW, for joining me on these many SOTA activations.

73 Bob K0NR

The post Another SOTA Milestone: 2x Mountain Goat appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.