Today, Joyce/K0JJW and I activated Kaufman Ridge (W0C/SP-081). This was my 10th activation of this summit and the 8th for Joyce. Kaufman is an easy summit near our cabin, so it is a favorite when we want to do a Summits On The Air (SOTA) activation. I’ve posted about how to activate this summit in the past, but a few things have changed over the years, so this update seems appropriate. Because of the off-trail hiking, we always seem to take a different route each time, but the specific route is not critical. We have learned a few things to avoid on the hike, which are reflected in this post. The one-way hiking distance is about 1.4 miles with 1000 vertical feet.

Getting There

There is no trail and no trailhead. To reach the recommended parking spot, turn south at the top of Trout Creek Pass and follow Windmill Drive (also marked as County Road 318) southeast to San Isabel National Forest. As you enter the forest, you will be on FS318, which has a gate normally closed from Dec 1 to Apr 30. You can still activate the summit when the gate is closed, but you’ll have to hike in on the road.

Pass through the gate going south on FS318 and take a sharp left (almost a U turn) onto FS308. Later, turn right onto a side road, FS308B, which should be marked. Drive a short distance on FS308B until the road is closed to motor vehicles. These roads are easy 4WD and high clearance 2WD will probably work fine. The FS road continues but is closed to motor vehicles at this point. There is a dispersed campsite here, so you may encounter campers. Park here at 38.85979, -105.93318.

The Hike

The hike up Kaufman starts on the old Jeep road, which is easy to follow. Later, this road ends, and the off-trail hiking begins. In the past, we’ve tried just heading straight for the summit (which works), but it can take you into significant downed timber and difficult rocky areas. It is better to head due south, hook around to the west and approach the summit from the east/southeast as shown on the map. This avoids the large aspen grove directly NE of the summit, with lots of downed timber.

There is a medium-sized rock (maybe 2 by 2 by 3 feet) sitting in the open that is a useful landmark to aim for. This waypoint (The Rock) is particularly useful for orienting yourself on the descent. Keep heading south past The Rock and turn slightly southwest toward a ridge that runs NW/SE from the summit. A good place to intersect this ridge is marked as the waypoint Trail on Ridge. Here you will intersect a game trail that runs along the ridge, which you should follow to the summit. This waypoint is also useful on the descent, to let you know when you need to leave the game trail (which continues on SE for a while).

Once you get onto the ridge, you will have a fantastic view of the Collegiate Peaks to the west. A cairn is at the summit with the typical summit register in a jar.

We had a fantastic time today on the summit. Great spring weather, blue sky with a few clouds. We worked a number of stations on 2m and 70 cm: KF0RIG (On Spinney Mountain, W0C/SP-118), KD0MRC, K8QWR, W0XC, K0MGL, K0LTH, W5PYB (mobile), W0BV, K0PF (mobile), and KD0RRD (mobile).

73 Bob K0NR

Waypoints
End of Old Jeep Trail (38.85545, -105.93519)
The Rock (38.85545, -105.93519)
Trail on Ridge (38.84937, -105.94055)
Summit (38.85050, -105.94280)

The post Activating Kaufman Ridge (W0C/SP-081) appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

At first, I was just looking around on the web for some simple Rules of Thumb that compare the weak-signal performance of commonly used analog and digital modulation types. I was mostly focused on FT8 and FT4 but I also wanted to compare SSB and CW. I failed to find a simple comparison of these modes but I did find a number of good articles that compared some but not all of them. This article is my attempt to aggregate the available information into something easy to understand.

Disclaimers

I decided to leverage the work of others and to not try deriving everything from basic principles. I am telling myself that I am perfectly capable of doing the analysis but that I would never find the time to actually complete it. (Yeah, that’s my story, and I’m sticking to it.) Where the articles disagree, I tried to identify which one(s) had the most convincing analysis or rationale and used those values.

My goal is to compare common modulation types primarily in terms of weak-signal performance. This means focusing on how well a signal can be detected with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). I have ignored other factors, such as signal fading, frequency drift, multipath distortion, etc. Also ignored are factors such as the information rate provided by the modulation type and the required signal bandwidth. This is focused on having the ability to pass just enough info to make the contact.

Literature Survey

Searching the internet provided me with a number of good articles that have examined this topic, listed below in the References section. My approach is to compare the results of these articles and aggregate them into a concise summary. These minimum SNR values are listed in the table shown below, along with my aggregated conclusions in the righthand column.

Most of these articles presented SNR data in terms of a 2500 Hz bandwidth, with the goal of providing an easy comparison between modulation types. SSB is the widest signal discussed, and it roughly fits into a 2500 Hz bandwidth, which is often the IF bandwidth of the receiver being used. Some authors make this explicit by tagging this SNR as SNR2500.  It is common practice in communications work to normalize the bandwidth to 1 Hz, which indicates the modulation’s bandwidth efficiency. However, we’ll stick with SNR2500.

I started with the article by PA3FWM [Ref 1], which provides a look at many of the modes I was interested in comparing. Unfortunately, this article does not include FT4 and FT8. N6MW [Ref 2] has a good treatment of FT4 and FT8 as well as minimum SNR values for SSB and CW. These lined up well with the PA3FWM values, so that was a good sign. N6MW referenced the foundational article about FT4 and FT8, published in QEX, written by the FT4 and FT8 developers [Ref 3]. The KB9II article [Ref 4] focuses on VHF weak-signal performance and provides minimum SNRs for SSB, RTTY, CW, and PSK31. He introduces the concepts of SNR (average) and SNR (peak). I used the SNR (average) numbers in the table. The KF6HI [Ref 5] article provided another set of SNR values that lined up pretty well. Finally, I came across a presentation by K0LB and KK4SNO [Ref 6] that includes a slide summarizing SNR performance. Because it is slideware, it does not include much about the sources of their numbers, but it seems useful to include them in the table.

The authors have somewhat different approaches to determining their SNR2500 numbers, mostly related to the assumptions used. You may want to read through these papers to gain a better understanding of the fine points. Overall, there is good alignment on results, with a few exceptions.

SSB

The single-sideband SNR2500 values are a mix of 10 dB and 6 dB. Frankly, I think 10 dB is a bit high for “minimum SNR” because I’ve spent quite a bit of time making weak-signal VHF/UHF contacts with the signal right at the noise level. I’ve squeezed out radio contacts with SNR much less than 10 dB. I looked at the rationale supplied in the articles for this value and it is mostly just assumed. So I went with my own experience and chose something smaller, 6 dB, aligning with KB9II and KF6HI. Even this number might be a bit conservative.

RTTY

I found only four values for RTTY, and they vary quite a bit. After studying the articles, I judged KB9II to have the best justification, so I went with -9 dB. I suspect that the actual decode performance may vary depending on the type and quality of the detector.

CW

The SNR2500 numbers for CW varied significantly, over a range of 10 dB. One way to estimate CW performance is to use the bandwidth of the receiver and compare it to 2500 Hz. Using a typical CW filter bandwidth of 200 Hz, SNR2500 = 10 log (200/2500) = -11.0 dB. However, it is well-known that the human ear/brain combination provides additional signal processing. The classic article by W2RS [Ref 7] covers this topic quite well. Using actual on-the-air tests, the article explains that the skill of the operator can introduce a variation of 3 to 6 dB. Another interesting note is that if the operator knows in advance the type of information they are expecting (such as the callsign of the other station), it provides a 3-dB advantage.

We can and probably will debate the SNR2500 value for CW until the cows come home, but I decided to adopt -12 dB in the right-hand column. This is probably conservative for a highly skilled operator.

FT8, FT4

For FT8 and FT4, I used the N6MW values, which come directly from the FT4 and FT8 paper [Ref 3]. I rounded off to the nearest decibel to be consistent with the rest of the column.

JT65

The JT65 values are quite consistent. An article by K1JT [Ref 8] says JT65 SNR is “roughly -28 to -24 dB in 2500 Hz,” so I put -24 dB in the righthand column.

WSPR

WSPR is a popular beacon mode and the king of weak-signal reception. Signal reports are collected worldwide and shared via WSPRnet.org. WSPR performance will vary depending on the specific settings used on the software and we have some variation in the table. The K1JT & W1BW article [Ref 9] says, “The WSPR protocol is effective at signal-to-noise ratios as low as –28 dB in a 2500 Hz bandwidth, some 10 to 15 dB below the threshold of audibility.” So I used -28 dB in the aggregated column.

Conclusions

The rightmost column in the table provides a reasonable comparison of the listed modulation types. I don’t claim that the values are perfect, but they should be helpful in understanding the performance of these modes. These data show that SSB is the least sensitive mode, followed by RTTY and PSK31. As mentioned earlier, the CW number is open to debate but it performs better than RTTY and PSK31. This brings us to FT4 and FT8, which are commonly used WSJT protocols with reasonable throughput. (FT4 and FT8 using 7.5 and 15-second transmit/receive intervals.) JT65 operates at lower SNR, but it is really in a different category, It is designed for Earth-Moon-Earth contacts, using one-minute intervals. WSPR is also unique as a beaconing system and not designed for two-way radio contacts, but it does have the best SNR performance on the list.

When using this data, keep in mind that most of these modes degrade slowly so there may not be a sharp cutoff at an exact signal level. The values are Rules of Thumb, accurate to within a few dB.

Thanks to Jim/K5ND and Bob/WØBV for reviewing this article and providing feedback.

73 Bob K0NR

References

1. Signal/noise ratio of digital amateur modes – Pieter-Tjerk de Boer, PA3FWM

2. FT8 Modulation and Decoding – A Dive into SNR interpretation N6MW

3. The FT4 and FT8 Communication Protocols – Steve Franke, K9AN- Bill Somerville, G4WJS – Joe Taylor, K1JT

4. A Comparison of Common Digital Modes for Weak Signal VHF Communications – John Matz, KB9II

5. Signal to Noise Ratio, definition and application to Radio Communications – KF6HI

6. Digital Modes in Amateur Radio – Larry, K0LB and Scott, KK4SNO

7. The Weak-Signal Capability of the Human Ear – Ray Soifer, W2RS

8. EME with JT65 – Joe Taylor, K1JT

9. WSPRing Around the World – Joe Taylor, K1JT, and Bruce Walker, W1BW

The post Weak-Signal Performance of Common Modulation Formats appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

Sometimes, I just need a reason to get on the air. Specific operating goals can help with this, whatever form they take, including operating awards. One of the first awards I earned many years ago was Worked All States (WAS). The mixed WAS is not that difficult because you can use any of the HF bands to make the contacts. Some bands are better for close-in states while others are better for long distances. Do a lot of operating, and you’ll eventually earn WAS. And it is fun to chase states.

Six Meter WAS

A few months ago, I looked at my Logbook of The World (LoTW) stats and noticed that I was one state shy of having WAS on 6 meters. I was not working towards this objective, but I was making a lot of contacts on six, trying to work countries and grids. The state I was missing was Utah, which is adjacent to my state of Colorado. I know I had worked Utah before, but I didn’t have it confirmed. Utah is not that easy to work from my location, because the populated areas of the state are in a dead zone: too far away for tropo propagation but too close for sporadic-e. Once I realized I only needed Utah, I kept watch for Utah stations showed up on 6 meters. Soon, I worked KI7MD using meteor scatter and asked him to confirm the contact in LoTW. OK, there you g, I had WAS on 6 meters. I consider this a real accomplishment, one that took many years.

Chasing States By Band

Well, of course, it did not stop there. Another review of my LoTW results by state and band revealed that I already had WAS on 20 meters. I patted myself on the back for that accomplishment, even though I just stumbled across it. Then I noticed I had 43 states on 40 meters. Hmm, that should not be too difficult to complete because 40m propagation covers the US quite well. Alaska and Hawaii were both already confirmed so the challenge was filling in the missing lower 48 states. I’ve been doing quite a bit of FT8 operating lately, so I set JTAlert up to alert me when any of the states I needed were received on 40 meters. Whenever they popped up, I’d make it a point to work them, if possible. Soon, the missing states were filled in, and I had achieved WAS on 40m. Technically, I have the confirmations in LoTW (good enough for me), but I have not applied to have the award issued. Well, what band should I pursue next? I was a latecomer to the 30-meter band, making my first contact on that band in Feb 2024. However, I have learned to really like it with its propagation characteristics being an interesting mix of stateside and DX. I had about 30 states confirmed on 30m, so I figured it would not take too long to fill in the blanks. Again, I used FT8 aided by JTAlert to keep watch for the states I needed. I wasn’t completely zoned in on working these states…usually, I was on the air for other reasons, but when JTAlert told me there was a WAS contact to be had, I grabbed it. Right now, I have 49 states confirmed on 30m, with Delaware being the only one missing. Now, someone out there is thinking, “Don’t pursue WAS one band at a time; go for them all at once!” That probably would be more efficient, but that’s not what I am after. I just like having a few operating goals in front of me to focus my efforts and pursuing states on a single band fits that just fine.

WAS Score Card

Here’s a snapshot of my WAS numbers today, from LoTW. After I finish up 30m, I will probably focus on 15m or 10m. I tend to be on those bands anyway for chasing DX. On those bands, I seem to be missing the closer in states with lower population density such as Kansas, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Utah. This is predictable with the longer F2 propagation normally found on those bands. I don’t know that I’ll ever get WAS on 2m and I am more focused on VUCC for that band. Note that I have 4 states on 70cm: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming. I am a bit surprised by that. Anyway, if you are looking for a reason to get on the air, chasing states might be interesting. Remember, it’s all about having fun messing around with radio. 73 Bob K0NR The post Chasing States appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

The Tri-Lakes Monument Radio Association is offering an amateur radio license class that includes the Technician (beginner) license material and the General license material. You can pursue Technician, General, or both!

Starts March 1st

• Earn or upgrade your FCC Amateur Radio License.
Earn the FCC Technician license or upgrade to the FCC General license.
• Convenient online learning with personal assistance and demos.
• Learn to operate ham radio for emergency communications.
• Learn to use the many VHF/UHF FM radio repeaters in Colorado.
• License exam session included, all learning materials included.

Instruction:

• A 20-hour, paced course of study
• Initial session equipment demonstrations
• Student self-study with the Ham Radio School Technician or General License Course, includes eBook readings, Video instruction, Focused reviews and quizzes, Optional in-depth learning media, Practice exams
• One-on-one personalized support from a knowledgeable and experienced ham radio operator
• Regular review sessions for Q&A, extra help

Schedule:

• Introductory Session, In Person  Sat March 1, 1-4 pm Woodmoor Barn, Monument
• Zoom Instructional Review Sessions: Thursdays 7 to 8 pm
• FCC License Examination Sat March 29, 10:30 am Monument Library
• Get On the Air Session, In Person  Sat April 5, 1-4 pm Woodmoor Barn, Monument

Class registration fee:  $50 Technician or General  ($40 under age 18)
Register for Technician
Register for General

For questions, contact Bob Witte KØNR:  b[email protected]
Sponsored by the Tri-Lakes Monument Radio Association

The post Ham Radio License Class – Monument CO appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

Operating from countries outside the US can be a lot of fun. I just completed another Slacker DXpedition, this time to the British Virgin Islands. The formula for this type of operation is simple: identify an interesting vacation spot that is also considered DX, travel there with friends and family, take along some compact radio gear, and get on the air. A key point is not to overdo the radio operating, or the friends and family will veto any radio activity on future trips. This was not a super-gonzo turbo-charged DXpedition. I just worked in some radio action in between snorkeling and exploring the island. This is referred to as a “holiday style” DXpedition, or maybe it’s just the slacker approach.

VP2V British Virgin Islands

The idea for this trip originated with a group of friends who often travel together to fun places, often an island in the Caribbean. BVI had been on our list for a while, and we had a trip planned back in 2020, but the COVID-19 pandemic caused us to cancel it at the last minute. It has taken us some time to get a plan back together, but here we are doing the trip five years later.

When a travel opportunity like this surfaces, I check out the implications of amateur radio licensing for that country. For a US radio amateur (and probably most other countries), getting a radio license for VP2V is easy. The Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (TRC) website has clear instructions on how to apply. Joyce/K0JJW and I filled out a form, provided copies of our passports and FCC licenses, and paid a $20 license fee. This did require a trip to a notary public to have these documents notarized. My friend, Paul/KF9EY was on the trip so he also obtained his VP2V license.

Location

We rented a fantastic house (Ana Capri Estate) on the north side of the island of Tortola. This house has a great view out over the water. Tortola is the main island of the BVI, and international flights are available at the airport on the east end.

The Ham Station

We took along our usual portable ham station, with a few updates. Our Yaesu FT-991 has served us well for POTA, SOTA, and island activations in the past, so it is our go-to radio for this sort of operation. The key features include a 100-watt RF output, a built-in sound card for digital modes, an internal antenna tuner, and a small enough size. This radio has HF plus 6m, 2m, and 70cm, which can be handy. Add a compact Samlex switching power supply, and we are ready. Recently, we have moved away from using End-fed Halfwave (EFHW) antennas and started using an End-Fed-Random Wire (EFRW), also called an End-Fed Long Wire (EFLW). The difference is subtle but important. The EFRW uses a wire length that is intentionally not resonant on any band, fed by 9:1 UNUN matching device. This setup radiates well over a range of frequencies but does require an antenna tuner because it is not a consistent 50-ohm impedance on all bands. I’ve found this to be a reasonable tradeoff between quick-changing band coverage and performance.

For this trip, we used the Palomar Engineers Bullet-9 UNUN, rated for 500 watts PEP. A variety of wire lengths can be used with this approach, with longer wires supporting lower frequencies. The 34-foot wire element supports operating on all bands from 40m to 6m, supported by the SOTABeams Travel Mast. The Travel Mast compacts to just 26.5 inches and extends to 32 feet. Actually, I modified the top of the mast to make it stronger, so the net height is closer to 29 feet. The end-fed wire antenna is almost vertical when deployed in this manner.

In past portable efforts, I’ve encountered issues with inconsistent antenna match and RF getting back into the FT-991. I checked this out carefully before the trip and adopted some mitigation practices that seem to help. First, I made sure the wire antenna could be supported almost vertically. This is not a strict requirement but it seems to help with getting a good match across all bands. I don’t use a counterpoise, but I do have 50 feet of RG-8X coax lying on the ground, which provides a bit of counterpoise. This length of coax also lets me keep the antenna separated from the transceiver by a reasonable distance, reducing the opportunity for RF to get back into the transceiver. Finally, I use a short USB cable, with ferrite cores on both ends, to connect my notebook PC to the FT-911. In the past, the USB connection between my PC and radio sometimes quit. These precautions appear to have paid off, as the station worked without any issues.

Operating

We set up the station outdoors under a covered patio to enjoy the fantastic view and (mostly) great weather while operating. This was not optimal, as we did get chased inside a few times when rain squalls moved in. They never lasted long, so I think the tradeoff was worth it.

The propagation on the HF bands has been quite good lately, and we continued to enjoy that while in BVI. We did not have much of an operating plan (“slacker style”) but intended to operate on the higher HF bands, mostly 20m and higher, using SSB, FT8, and FT4. Bob/W0BV pointed out that VP2V is somewhat rare, showing up at number 114 on the ClubLog Most Wanted List. Sure enough, whenever we called CQ, we were greeted with a nice pileup.

My VP2V/K0NR log has 1030 contacts, including 61 DXCC entities and 23 CQ Zones. I focused mostly on keeping the run rate up and just making contacts. About half of the Qs were with the US. The logs of VP2V/K0JJW and VP2V/KF9EY are not included in these numbers. I tended to stay on the higher bands as they were working quite well.

VP2V/K0NR Log
Band Phone Dig Total  %
30       0  79    79  8
20       0  46    46  4
17       0  90    90  9
15       0 161   161 16
12      44 349   393 38
10       0 260   260 25
 2       1   0     1  0
--    ---- ---   --- --
Total   45 985 1,030 100

As you can see from the numbers above, I made a lot of digital contacts (FT8/FT4). I found FT8 to be slow, and the normal FT8 frequency became crowded. There was much less congestion on FT4, and the run rate was better, so I found that to be effective. I enjoyed the SSB pileups for a while but found it to be a challenge to manage them. While I can work CW, I did not try to manage a pileup on that mode.

I found a 2m repeater on the island 146.73 MHz (—offset, no tone) and made a few calls on it, but I did not receive a reply.

QSLs will be via Logbook of The World only. I won’t be printing cards for this effort but the logs for VP2V/K0NR and VP2V/K0JJW are already loaded into LoTW. Thanks to everyone that worked us!

British Virgin Islands

BVI was a fantastic place to vacation. During our ten days there, we enjoyed the beaches, snorkeling, and sailing excursions. If you are interested in that, there are many online tourism sites to explore.

Thanks for stopping by.

73 Bob VP2V/K0NR

The post VP2V/K0NR: Another Slacker DXpedition appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

My friend and colleague Frank/K4FMH has published several recent articles on trends in amateur radio licensing and demographics. This one, The Decline in ARRL Membership and Market Share, has some interesting data and observations about licensing trends in the US. (It also comments on ARRL membership trends, but that is not the subject of this post.) This post focuses on the decline in the number of FCC amateur radio licensees in the past few years. See the chart below.

By License Class

As Frank points out, breaking this out by license class is illuminating. Unsurprisingly, the Novice and Advanced class licensees are experiencing a slow, steady decline. This probably represents the natural decline of a set of licensees when no new licenses are issued. Advanced class licensees declined 4.7% per year from 2019 to 2024. Some of these licensees may be upgrading to higher class licenses, but anecdotally, I think this is a small effect.

The Technician class is more concerning, with a 7.2% cumulative decline starting roughly in June 2021. (The data is in 6-month increments.) Being the entry-level license and representing about half of the total licenses, it is a strong indicator of ham radio licensing activity, in general. One potential factor contributing to this decline is that COVID-19 restrictions on public gatherings started around March 2020. In most areas, the VE exam opportunities dropped off dramatically, which could have affected the number of new licensees. This triggered a new emphasis on offering online exams, so exam availability improved during the following years.

Fees and Dabblers

Another factor is that the FCC fee implemented a $35 application fee in April 2022. However, this came after the Technician decline started. Although the $35 fee is arguably “reasonable,” I expect it to decrease the number of licensees.

Many Technicians are only dabbling in ham radio.

Dabbler: someone who takes a slight and not very serious interest in a subject, or tries a particular activity for a short period.

These Dabblers may get their license in response to family or friends encouraging them to do it. Or they may have a work connection such as being a firefighter, law enforcement officer, or emergency medical technician. Or maybe they were curious about the hobby, but it did not quite take hold. When they get to the point of renewing their license, many Dabblers will likely decide not to spend the $35. One might argue that the Dabblers are not engaged in the amateur radio service so having them drop out may be just fine. Whatever the reason, the result is fewer licensees.

Frank points out that the General and Extra Class numbers are increasing, reflecting healthier activity in those license classes. However, the slope of those curves is pretty flat, and the General class declined slightly during the past year. From December 2019 to December 2024, the General class numbers increased by 3% and the Extra class by 4%. US population growth was about 3% during this time, so these two license classes are just keeping up with population growth. I’d argue there are fewer Dabblers in the General and Extra ranks as they have demonstrated enough interest and commitment to the hobby that they went to the trouble of earning a higher-level license. Accordingly, the $35 FCC fee would have less effect on these two license classes. (I don’t have data to support this, so it is just my own little hypothesis.)

Back in 2018, I made some comparisons between ham radio and other activities. These ratios have probably not changed much in 7 years.

Ham Radio, Chess and Model Railroading

In 2018, the number of amateur radio licenses in the FCC database was about 0.2% of the US population, which remains about the same today. Of course, not all those licensees are active, so this overstates ham radio activity. Birdwatching came in at 3% of the population, so it’s 10 times more popular than ham radio.

Conclusions

Technician decline is real and should be a cause for concern. I don’t think we should panic but if this trend continues, the ham radio population will wither away. I mentioned the probable impact from COVID-19, which should be a transient event that has now passed. The impact of the FCC license application fee (if any) could be long-lasting.

It is well known that the radio amateur population is skewed towards older individuals…mostly older men. Aging does cause people to leave the hobby over time, either by death or by reduced physical and mental ability. This is probably part of the picture, but why would it only affect the Technician numbers?

What do you think?

73 Bob K0NR

The post The Case of The Shrinking Technicians appeared first on The KØNR Radio Site.

Many “emergency frequency lists” showing up on the internet are a hodgepodge of frequencies scraped from various sources and assembled into what looks like a credible list. Some of these frequencies are useful, but too many are misleading and perhaps even dangerous. These lists gloss over training and licensing issues, as described here: The Talisman Radio.

Many of these lists are generated by copying other prepper lists or scanning various sources for “emergency frequencies.” Even this Wikipedia page about international distress frequencies includes some of this misinformation.

Important Disclaimer: People often point out that in many jurisdictions, a citizen without a radio license for a specific frequency can still make a call in case of a true emergency (usually defined as potential loss of life or property). This may be true, but it is generally not a good emergency communications strategy: See The Talisman Radio. Most of these lists do not address the issue of radio licensing at all, which is very misleading.

Here is a recent FCC action to consider: The FCC has ruled that a ham radio operator in Idaho must pay a record $34,000 penalty for interfering with wildfire communications on 151.145 MHz. This is a US Forest Service frequency not authorized for amateur radio licensees. So don’t be transmitting on unauthorized frequencies.

Misleading Frequency Lists

One of the worst frequency lists is shown here by Stryker Radios. This “Ham Radio Emergency Frequencies” list shows 29 frequencies, but only two are in the ham bands. The rest are a collection of airband, marine, FEMA, search and rescue, National Guard, US Air Force, etc. Most of these frequencies are not legal for the general public to use. An FCC amateur radio license permits operation on the two ham radio frequencies listed but nothing else. The 4Patriots has a similar list, leaving out the ham radio frequencies and calling the list “other emergency radio frequencies.” The Save Net Radio website also has a poorly thought-out frequency list. But they compound their errors with this statement:

It’s important to note that these frequencies aren’t just for professional rescuers and emergency workers; they can also be used by ordinary citizens who are equipped with the appropriate radio equipment.

This is incorrect and potentially dangerous.

Some Specific Frequencies

These emergency frequencies have three main uses: situational awareness (listening to learn what is happening in your environment), distress calls (calling out to anyone for help), and coordination with friends (communicating with friends and associates about supplies, health and welfare, transportation, weather, etc.)

We must consider our radio’s capabilities, specifically the frequency range (for transmit and receive, which may differ) and modulation type (AM, FM, SSB, etc.). The typical low-cost VHF/UHF radio that is so common (Baofeng UV-5R or similar) has a frequency range of 136 to 174 MHz (VHF) and 400 to 520 MHz (UHF). Many of these radios are shipped with their transmit frequency limited to the amateur (ham) radio bands: 144 to 148 MHz and 420 to 450 MHz. However, there may be a method to enable (or unlock) the entire frequency range for transmitting. Check the specifications of your radio model. These radios are almost always FM only, so no AM or SSB. Some radios can receive AM in the aircraft band but won’t transmit AM.

Listening to radio activity around you can be very helpful in understanding situational awareness. A good example is listening to your local fire or law enforcement channels. You can hear some of these frequencies using a low-cost VHF/UHF radio but a scanner that receives digital signals will be a lot more useful.

Let’s examine some of the frequencies in the Stryker list. I will skip the frequencies outside the typical VHF and UHF tuning ranges listed above, as your radio most likely won’t be able to tune them.

138.225 MHz: Primary FEMA channel for disaster relief operations.
This frequency is in the federal VHF band, but I could not confirm a specific usage.
To transmit on this frequency, you need federal authorization.

146.52 MHz: Ham radio frequency for non-repeater communications on the two-meter band.
This is the 2m FM calling frequency, which is generally lightly used. You may hear interesting traffic on this frequency but need a ham radio license to transmit on it.

151.625 MHz: Utilized by mobile businesses such as circuses, exhibitions, trade shows, and sports teams. Other channels in use are 154.57 and 154.60 MHz.
This is an itinerant business band frequency known as the Red Dot channel. The other two frequencies listed are MURS Channels 4 and 5. They may be useful to program in.

154.28 MHz: Local fire department emergency communication channel. Additional frequencies include 154.265 and 154.295 MHz.
These are Fire Mutual Aid channels (VFIRE21, VFIRE22, VFIRE23) set aside for when multiple fire districts need to communicate. Typically, each district has their own radio frequencies and only uses these when a large incident occurs with multiple agencies responding. An FCC license for these specific frequencies is required to transmit on them.

155.160 MHz: Local and state agency channel for search and rescue operations.
This is the most common VHF frequency for Search and Rescue. To transmit on it, you need an FCC license for this specific frequency.

155.475 MHz: Local and state police emergency communication channel.
This is a Law Enforcement Mutual Aid channel (VLAW31) set aside for when multiple law enforcement agencies need to communicate. An FCC license for this frequency is required to transmit on it.

156.75 MHz: International maritime weather alerts channel.
This is marine channel 15, receive only, reserved for listening to emergency locator beacons. This is not a normal communication channel and is probably not useful in an emergency.

156.80 MHz: International maritime distress, calling, and safety channel.
This is marine channel 16, the calling and distress channel, which may be useful in coastal areas, lakes, and waterways that have significant marine radio activity. This frequency is for marine / boating use using a certified VHF marine transceiver.

162.40 MHz to 162.55 MHz: Series of channels used for NOAA weather broadcasts and bulletins. Also 163.275 MHz.
These well-known weather broadcast stations cover a large portion of the US and are very useful to have programmed in your radio. Do not transmit on these frequencies.

163.4875 MHz: Nationwide emergency channel for the National Guard.
163.5125 MHz: National disaster preparedness frequency for the armed forces.
164.50 MHz: National communication channel for the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
These are federal frequencies requiring federal authorization to transmit on them.

168.55 MHz: Federal civilian agency channel for emergencies and disasters.
This frequency is assigned exclusively to smoke jumpers working on wildfire suppression.
Do not transmit on this frequency.

409.20 MHz: National communication channel for the Interstate Commerce Commission.
409.625 MHz: National communication channel for the Department of State.
These are federal frequencies requiring federal authorization to transmit on them.

462.675 MHz: General Mobile Radio Service channel for emergency communication and traveler assistance.
This is Channel 20 on GMRS and FRS radios. This frequency is probably useful, but it is subject to the GMRS and FRS rules.

Some of these frequencies may be useful to monitor in an emergency (situational awareness), but very few are available for distress calling or communicating with friends.

RadioMaster Reports Frequency List

This list originated on the Radiomaster Reports website and has spread around the web in various forms (see below). It is one of the better prepper frequency lists, but it still has some issues.

The FRS and GMRS frequencies are useful to have available. The PMR UHF frequency (446.03125 MHz) listed is actually in the 70 cm ham band in the US and is a non-standard frequency, so it should not be used at all in the US. (PMR is a European standard.) The CB frequencies listed are not available on your typical low-cost VHF/UHF handheld but are useful if you have a CB radio. The so-called CB Freeband frequencies are never legal for use and your standard CB won’t tune them.

The low-band VHF frequency of 33.4 MHz will also not work with your typical handheld radio. The FCC license database shows many businesses are licensed to operate on this frequency, including many fast food restaurants. I suppose if you want to order a hamburger in an emergency, it might work.

If you have the appropriate amateur radio license, the Ham VHF and HF frequencies listed are usable in the US. On the 2-meter band, 146.52 MHz is indeed the nationwide calling frequency and was discussed earlier. However, the frequencies of 146.42 and 146.55 MHz do not always conform to local band plans, depending on the area of the country you are in. So you may or may not find activity there. The Search and Rescue frequency (155.16 MHz) was discussed earlier. The two marine frequencies listed do not require a license but should only be used for boating and similar communications.

Summary

We could continue to examine the specifics of all these frequencies and discuss their equipment requirements, licensing requirements, and proper usage. However, the main message is that these frequency lists are just a collection of random stuff compiled and propagated around the web.  None of them are well-considered and most will likely not do you much good in an emergency.  And they might lead uninformed citizens into using a frequency that can get them into a heap of trouble.

I have been looking for a list to recommend but have not found one. Let me know if you come across one that is truly useful.

That’s what I found. Let me know what you think.

73 Bob K0NR

References

National Field Operations Guide (NFOG)
https://www.cisa.gov/safecom/field-operations-guides

NTIA Redbook
https://www.ntia.doc.gov/publications/redbook-manual

RadioMaster Reports Frequency List
https://radiofreeq.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/shtf_survivalist_radio_frequency_list.pdf

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